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Time study sheet
A time study measures how long each element of a job takes by timing it over a number of cycles, then turns the times into a standard time: the time a trained operator needs at a normal pace, with allowances for personal needs, fatigue and delays. The results feed standard work, line balancing and comparisons with takt time. Page 1 of this template is the observation sheet, with up to 12 elements by 10 cycles and columns for the lowest repeatable time, average, rating, normal time, allowance and standard time. Page 2 explains the calculation with a worked example and has room for irregularities and your site's allowances. The Excel version works out the average, lowest repeatable, normal and standard time, units per hour and the comparison with takt.
Free to use: print it, copy it and edit it for your team. Enter your name and work email once to download.
Fields for process, part, station, operator, observer and date, a choice of unit and of average or lowest repeatable, and a table of 12 elements by 10 cycles with columns for lowest repeatable, average, rating, normal time, allowance and standard time.Elements by 10 cyclesLowest repeatable and averageRating and allowanceStandard time per cycleWorked exampleIrregularities logComparison with takt in Excel
When to use it
When to use a time study sheet
- To set or check a standard time before writing standard work or balancing a line.
- To compare stations with takt time and find the bottleneck.
- Before and after a kaizen, to measure the change in cycle time.
- When a product, method or layout changes and the old times no longer fit.
How to fill it in
- 1
Split the job into elements
Watch a few cycles first. Break the job into elements of a few seconds or more, each ending at a point you can see or hear, and write the end point down.
- 2
Time 10 cycles
Time each element in each cycle. If something interrupts a cycle, leave that time out and note it under irregularities.
- 3
Find the average and lowest repeatable
Average the good cycles. The lowest repeatable time is the lowest time that came up at least twice.
- 4
Rate the pace
Give each element a rating: 100% is a normal, steady pace as your site defines it.
- 5
Work out normal and standard time
Normal time = average × rating ÷ 100. Standard time = normal time × (1 + allowance). Your site sets the allowance.
- 6
Compare with takt
Add up the elements for the standard time per cycle and compare it with takt time. The Excel version shows it as a percentage of takt.
A filled-in example
Illustrative, not a benchmarkAn example with illustrative numbers: one element of an assembly job, timed over 10 cycles.
Ten timed cycles, then the standard time
- Cycle 1: 11 seconds
- Cycle 2: 12 seconds
- Cycle 3: 10 seconds
- Cycle 4: 12 seconds
- Cycle 5: 11 seconds
- Cycle 6: 10 seconds
- Cycle 7: 13 seconds
- Cycle 8: 11 seconds
- Cycle 9: 12 seconds
- Cycle 10: 11 seconds
Standard time = average × rating × (1 + allowance)
- Average =113 s ÷ 10 cycles= 11.3 s
- Normal time =11.3 × 0.95= 10.7 s
- Standard time =10.7 × 1.15= 12.3 s
Ten cycles of 11, 12, 10, 12, 11, 10, 13, 11, 12 and 11 seconds. Average 11.3 seconds; rated at 95 percent, normal time 10.7; with a 15 percent allowance, standard time 12.3 seconds.
- Element: fasten four screws, ending when the driver is back in its holder.
- Times in seconds: 11, 12, 10, 12, 11, 10, 13, 11, 12 and 11. The average is 11.3, and the lowest repeatable is 10, as it came up twice.
- A rating of 95% gives a normal time of 11.3 × 0.95 = 10.7 seconds.
- With an allowance of 15%, an example figure, the standard time is 10.7 × 1.15 = 12.3 seconds.
The same steps for every element give the standard time per cycle, which the team compares with takt before balancing the line. The 15% allowance is only an example: use the one your site has set.
Common mistakes
Elements with no clear end point
If the observer is not sure where an element ends, the times drift. Write the end point next to each element.
Timing through interruptions
A dropped part or a question from someone inflates the average. Leave the cycle out and note why.
Too few cycles
Three cycles can hide a lot of variation. Time at least 10, and more if the times jump around; the time study sample size calculator says how many more.
Timing a new or rushed operator
Time a trained operator working at a steady pace, and tell them what you are doing and why.
Mixing machine and operator time
Time them apart. Machine time does not get a rating or the same allowances.
Download the template
Free to use: print it, copy it and edit it for your team. Enter your name and work email once to download.
Run this template in LeanSuite
LeanSuite's Vision AI does the time study from one phone video of the process: it times every element, splits each operator's time into value-added, semi-value-added and non-value-added, and links each figure to its video frame for you to review and certify.
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FAQ
Time study sheet: common questions
A way of measuring how long each element of a job takes by timing it over several cycles, then working out a standard time for a trained operator at a normal pace, with allowances. It is the basis for standard work and line balancing.
The lowest time for an element that came up at least twice in the observed cycles. It shows what the job takes when nothing gets in the way, and some teams use it instead of the average for standard work. A single very low time is left out, as it may be a misreading.
Take the average time for each element, multiply it by the rating to get the normal time, then multiply by one plus the allowance. For example, 11.3 seconds × 0.95 × 1.15 = 12.3 seconds. Your site sets the allowance.
At least 10 for a short, repeated job, and more when the times vary a lot. The time study sample size calculator works it out from your first readings: the 10 readings in the example above, averaging 11.3 seconds, need 15 cycles for an average within 5% at 95% confidence. Leave out cycles with an interruption and note why.
Cycle time is how long one cycle takes when you watch it. Standard time adjusts the observed time for the operator's pace and adds allowances for personal needs, fatigue and delays.
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- Defect catalogue template with boundary samplesEvery defect with a definition, a class and the reason for it, measured accept and reject limits by zone, boundary samples, a defect log with DPU and Pareto, and an inspector agreement check.
- I-MR chart template (individuals and moving range)Up to 100 single readings with moving ranges, limits from a baseline, five run-rule flags, both charts, a second phase and a reaction log.
- Kaizen event preparation checklistEverything that has to be ready before a kaizen event and done after it: 44 items with owners and due dates from 6 weeks before day 1 to 30 days after, five go or no-go gates and a day-by-day agenda.
- Attribute control chart template (p, np, c and u charts)p, np, c and u charts in one workbook: a chart selector, a sample size check, limits for each subgroup, signal flags and four worked examples.
- Critical spare parts list and stocking levelsAssets ranked by consequence, each part classed and given a stocking policy, and min and max worked out from usage and lead time, with the downtime each stock-out would cost.
- Tier 2 meeting agenda and escalation sheetA 15-minute tier 2 agenda in ten timed blocks, fixed roles and rules, escalation triggers with time limits, and a log that ages every escalation and sends the answer back down.
- HACCP plan template: hazard analysis and CCP worksheetThe Codex 12 steps in one workbook: team and product, process steps checked on site, hazard analysis with the CCP decision tree, the CCP table with completeness checks, an allergen matrix and a verification schedule.
- Forklift operator training and evaluation recordPer-operator training and evaluation record, a register with three-year due dates and refresher triggers, and a weighted practical evaluation scoresheet.
- REBA worksheet (Rapid Entire Body Assessment)Score up to six postures with REBA: body-part drop-downs, Tables A, B and C as lookups, final score and action level, and a before and after comparison.
- Mock recall template: traceability exercise worksheetTrace a finished lot back to every input lot and forward to every first customer, reconcile the quantities against a tolerance and time it against your target.
- ISO 9001 internal audit checklist (production area)46 audit questions for the production floor in 11 processes, each with its ISO 9001:2015 clause, what evidence to look for and the sample to take, plus five defined grades, a findings log, a finding report and a summary by clause.
- ISO 45001 internal audit checklist44 audit questions for the plant floor in 16 safety topics, each with its ISO 45001:2018 clause, the evidence to look for and the sample to take, plus 12 worker interview prompts, a findings log and a summary by clause.
- Plan for every part (PFEP) templateOne row per part: supplier, pack, container, usage, lead time and locations, with ABC classes, market and line kanban counts and a lineside space check.
- Food plant GMP inspection checklist (21 CFR 117 subpart B)55 checks in the order of 21 CFR 117 subpart B, each citing its paragraph and saying what to look at, with a grade, finding, owner and due date; results by section and grade, a walk route and a bakery example.
- Master sanitation schedule with pre-op verificationA master list of cleaning tasks by area and equipment with frequency, chemical, lockout, who and next due date, a weekly on-time count, and the pre-operational verification log with a release step.
- Changeover matrix templateA from-to matrix of changeover minutes with the clean each transition needs (allergen, colour, format), and a weekly planner that totals the order and suggests a shorter one.
- Overhead crane inspection checklist: frequent and periodic34 crane checks tied to OSHA 1910.179: an operator's pre-shift card, frequent and periodic inspections with signed records, a deficiency and tag-out log, and a register of next due dates.
- Measurement uncertainty budget templateA GUM uncertainty budget: Type A and B rows, divisors by distribution, sensitivity coefficients, uc, νeff, k from the t-table, U, TUR and a guard band check.
- Maintenance job plan templateOne job planned on one sheet: steps and craft hours, parts checked against stock, tools, lockout and permits, documents, a ready check for the schedule, and technician feedback.
- Reorder point and safety stock sheet (many parts)Safety stock, reorder point, order quantity and an order list for up to 500 parts, worked out from each part's own demand and lead time history.
- OSHA compliance calendar (general industry)37 recurring federal OSHA duties with the paragraph, interval, owner, next due date and an overdue flag, plus a 12-month view and counts by owner.
- TRIR and DART rate trackerMonthly hours, OSHA 300 case counts and near misses in; rolling 12-month TRIR and DART rate, a case budget against your target and a trend chart out.
- Energy use and EnPI trackerMonthly electricity, gas and fuel in one unit, a 12-month regression baseline, expected against actual energy for each month, an EnPI ratio, the running saving and the tests that say whether the model can be trusted.
- FIFO lane sizing sheetThe maximum for a FIFO lane from the stop it must cover, in whole containers, with length, refill and wait checks for up to eight lanes.
- Pugh matrix templateCompare up to 8 concepts with a datum as better, same or worse on up to 12 criteria, flag must-haves, and carry the strongest into a second round.
- Machine guarding inspection sheetA machine register with due dates and a status per machine, 21 checks tied to OSHA 1910.212, .219 and .147, a guard opening check against Table O-10, and an action log.
- Condition monitoring route sheetA route of measuring points with baselines, alert and alarm limits, a check interval from the P-F interval, readings with rising and overdue flags, and an exceptions list worst first.
- Fire extinguisher inspection logOne row for every portable extinguisher: hydro test interval from OSHA Table L-1, annual and 6-year due dates, a 12-month check grid and open issues.
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A shift handover sheet, a red tag log, a changeover checklist for one machine: if your team uses it on the floor, ask.